Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 6Sievenpiper J, de Souza R, Mirrahimi A, Yu M, Carleton A, Beyene J et al.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2014. 5USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 27.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2004. 4USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17.Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity. 3Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, Jensen MK, Curhan GC, Pasquale LR et al.Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. 2Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Hu FB.Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. 1Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM.Although exchanging sugar for fat alone may not increase rates of obesity as shown in a recent systematic review, 6 eating food high in sugar may promote consumption of excess calories by inducing leptin resistance and increasing the risk of obesity. 2, 3 Ironically, individuals who believe they are choosing healthier versions of their favorite foods are trading fat for less healthy sugar. 2, 3 The major sources of added sugar in the diet include the obvious culprits like sugar-sweetened beverages, desserts, fruit drinks and candy. Although the increase in added sugar per serving appears to be small, the cumulative effect of consuming ‘empty calories' over several years could have important health consequences.Ĭonsuming excess sugar even in small amounts (⩾10% of total calories) has been shown to be harmful, leading to weight gain, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Keebler, vienna fingers with crème fillingįindings from this study suggest that consuming foods lower in fat have higher sugar content despite having lower calories. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA, version 12.1 (STATA, College Station, TX, USA). Differences among and between food groups were analyzed using the Friedman test, followed by post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively. Continuous variables were represented as medians with interquartile range. The database includes information on the mean nutrient values per 100 g of the edible portion of food including the amount of protein, fat and carbohydrates. This database lists the nutritional content of over 8000 generic and brand name food products and is the major source of food composition data in the US. 5 SR17 was chosen as the initial data set for comparison because it is the earliest version with the most complete nutrient information. We compared the nutritional content of the same foods listed on the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference released in 2004 (SR17) (SR27). The site lists high-calorie/high-fat foods that have low-calorie, non-fat alternatives. We evaluated the nutrient value of the list of foods recommended by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute on a website entitled ‘Low-calorie, lower fat alternative foods' ( ). 2, 3 The purpose of this study is to determine whether these ‘healthier' versions of common foods have more sugar than their ‘regular' counterparts. However, the food industry may have replaced fat with sugar, which may be more obesogenic even if the calories per portion are less. Over the subsequent decades, several health advocacy groups have echoed these same recommendations, giving rise to America's current aversion to fatty foods. The impetus for creating low-fat foods can be traced to the McGovern Committee, which issued a report in 1977 recommending that Americans eat less fat and more complex carbohydrates to prevent diabetes, heart disease and stroke. 1 Perhaps it is not only how much we are eating, but also what we are eating that may be encouraging our bodies to store fat. Despite numerous recommendations on how to achieve this goal, a third of adults and 17% of children are obese. The solution is simple in theory: eat less and exercise more. Conventional thinking suggests that obesity is caused by an imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended thus, any excess of calories will result in obesity. Obesity remains a significant public health concern in the United States (US).
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